From the title you can perhaps gather that lay vs. lie is a bit of grammar that annoys me just a tiny bit. Why is this rule difficult for so many? Because this bit of vocabulary is a bleeping jerk that persisted long after every other verb in English abandoned the rule it demonstrates. It is the only English verb that still represents transitivity through a vowel sound change. It is an artifact that should just die off already. Conveniently enough I've read in multiple sources that it is dying off due to its unique nature causing so much trouble. Soon it will be gone.
Oh sorry, did I get your hopes up? As with geology, grammar moves on a time scale that feels very slow to humans. Soon in grammar terms means that even our great-grandchildren will most likely still be complaining about lay/lie and how confusing it is. Grammar rules age extremely slowly (except for when they change quickly).
So, since we're bleeping well stuck dealing with lay/lie for the rest of our lives I've decided to make a little post we can refer back to when this item of vocabulary bites us.
It all comes down to transitivity. Wait! Don't run! Transitivity isn't that hard to explain! Simple question, is something acting on something else or not? Transitive verbs have something that receives the action:
Intransitive: Bill smirked.
Transitive: Bill punched me.
In the first example Bill was smirking. Nothing receives the smirk in a grammatical sense, it's just something Bill does. In the second example bill was taking the action of punching, and I was receiving the action. This Bill is a jerk isn't he? Almost as much as the verb lay/lie is.
How about lay/lie? Is lay/lie an intransitive verb like smirk or a transitive one like punch? The answer: yes... The answer is that lay/lie can be transitive or intransitive and the sound of the vowel signals which it is. In fact English used to have a whole category or verbs which marked transitivity with this -ay/ie vowel change (quite possibly different sounds prior to The Great Vowel Shift, which is a completely different post).
How about a definition?
Lay/lie: a verb having to do with being in a resting/reclining position, which can be transitive or intransitive. In the transitive version something is or has actively been placed into this resting/reclining position. The intransitive version can be thought of as referring to the action or resting or reclining itself rather than the action of putting something else into a resting or reclining position.
Lay is the transitive version (you are the subject, the credit card is the object):
* (Present Tense) You lay your credit card on the receipt.
* (Past Tense) You laid your credit card on the receipt.
Lie is the intransitive version (you are the subject, there is no object)
* (Present Tense) You like to lie on the table.
* (Past Tense) You lay down on the table. You did this some time ago. You are weird, who rests on tables when there are beds around?
How about a table?
Tense |
Lay |
Lie |
Present |
I lay the book on table. |
I lie on the table. |
Present (continuing) |
I am laying the book on the table. |
I am lying on the table. |
Present (perfect/finished) |
I have laid the book on the table. |
I have lain on the table. |
Past Simple (Preterite) |
I laid the book on the table. |
I lay on the table. |
Past (continuing) |
I was laying the book on the table. |
I was lying on the table. |
Past (perfect/finished) |
I had laid the book on the table. |
I had lain on the table. |
Future |
I will lay the book on the table. |
I will lie on the table, someday. |
Future (perfect/finished) |
I will have laid the book on the table. |
I will have lain on the table. |
So how the heck do you remember this? Massive repetition. Write examples over and over and over again until your fingers fall off. Or Google. A simply search can get you web pages with explanations of proper usage. You'll notice that lay/lie is particularly cruel as the intransitive form, lie, uses lay as its simple past tense form. What a jerk the verb lie is.
Do you know a good mnemonic device for remembering lay vs. lie? If so, please share!
Also, if you see me lying on the table, please don't laugh too loudly. I'm clearly tired and mentally stunned by trying to remember the lay/lie distinction.